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GNDU Question Paper 2025

B.B.A 1

Semester

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS FOR BUSINESS

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 50

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The

Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION-A

1. How do application and system software differ? Give various examples of both.

(40% match with prediction papers)

2. Explain different display device technologies. Write their features.

(0% match with prediction papers)

SECTION-B

3. (a) Which are various functions performed by an OS?

(100% match with prediction papers)

(b) Write the booting procedure of DOS.

(60% match with prediction papers)

4. Explain copy, del, deltree and format commands of DOS.

(100% match with prediction papers)

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SECTION-C

5. Explain the following in MS-Word:

(a) Different types of margins

(b) Use of bookmark

(d) Page break.

(95% match with prediction papers)

6. What is the use and difference between paragraph and section in a document? How can

you add paragraphs and sections? Also write various paragraph formatting options.

(75% match with prediction papers)

SECTION-D

7. Which are different types of graphs available in MS-Excel? Write the steps to add a

graph in your worksheet.

(100% match with prediction papers)

8.Which are different views of slides in MS-PowerPoint?

Write the use of each.

(100% match with prediction papers)

Conclusion : Approx 75% Comes From Our (Prediction Paper)

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GNDU Answer Paper 2025

B.B.A 1

Semester

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS FOR BUSINESS

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 50

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The

Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION-A

1. How do application and system software differ? Give various examples of both.

(40% match with prediction papers)

Ans: Difference Between Application Software and System Software

Computers are very useful machines, but they cannot do anything on their own. They need

software to work. Software is a collection of programs and instructions that tell the

computer what to do. Without software, a computer is just like an empty box with no

intelligence.

Software is mainly divided into two major types:

1. System Software

2. Application Software

Both are important, but they perform different jobs. To understand them easily, imagine a

smartphone.

• The Android or iPhone operating system is like system software because it manages

the phone and allows everything to work properly.

• Apps like WhatsApp, YouTube, Instagram, or MS Word are like application software

because they help users perform specific tasks.

So, system software works in the background to operate the computer, while application

software helps users complete their daily work.

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Simple Diagram of Software Types

SOFTWARE

--------------------------------

| |

SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

| |

Runs the computer Helps users do tasks

| |

Examples: Windows, Examples: MS Word,

Linux, Drivers Photoshop, Chrome

What is System Software?

System software is the basic software that controls and manages the computer hardware. It

acts as a bridge between the user, hardware, and application software.

In simple words, system software is the “manager” of the computer. It controls memory,

files, processor, keyboard, mouse, printer, and other devices.

Without system software, the computer cannot even start.

For example, when you press the power button on your computer, the operating system

starts loading. This operating system is system software.

Features of System Software

• It controls and manages computer hardware.

• It works in the background.

• It is necessary for the computer to function.

• It provides a platform for application software.

• It is usually written in low-level languages for better performance.

Types of System Software

1. Operating System (OS)

The operating system is the most important system software. It manages all computer

activities.

Functions of Operating System

• Manages memory

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• Controls hardware devices

• Runs applications

• Manages files and folders

• Provides security

Examples

• Microsoft Windows

• Linux

• macOS

• Android

2. Device Drivers

Drivers help the operating system communicate with hardware devices.

For example:

• Printer driver

• Sound driver

• Graphics driver

Without drivers, hardware devices may not work properly.

3. Utility Software

Utility software helps maintain and protect the computer system.

Examples

• Antivirus software

• Disk cleanup tools

• Backup software

Popular examples:

• Windows Defender

• CCleaner

4. Language Translators

These programs convert programming languages into machine language.

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Types

• Compiler

• Interpreter

• Assembler

Examples:

• GCC

• Python Interpreter

What is Application Software?

Application software is designed to help users perform specific tasks.

These programs are created according to user needs. People use application software for

writing, drawing, calculations, communication, gaming, watching videos, and many other

activities.

Unlike system software, application software is directly used by users.

For example:

• Typing documents in MS Word

• Watching videos on YouTube

• Browsing websites using Chrome

• Editing photos in Photoshop

All these are application software.

Features of Application Software

• Designed for specific tasks

• User-friendly

• Installed according to user needs

• Depends on system software to run

• Helps improve productivity

Types of Application Software

1. General Purpose Software

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These programs are used by many people for common tasks.

Examples

• Microsoft Word

• Microsoft Excel

• Google Chrome

• Adobe Photoshop

2. Special Purpose Software

These are designed for specific industries or jobs.

Examples

• Hospital management software

• Railway reservation system

• Billing software

• School management software

3. Customized Software

Customized software is developed for a particular organization or user.

For example:

• Banking software

• College ERP systems

• Company payroll systems

Main Differences Between System Software and Application Software

Basis

System Software

Application Software

Meaning

Manages and controls the computer

Helps users perform specific tasks

Importance

Essential for computer operation

Optional according to user needs

Runs

Starts when computer boots

Runs when user opens it

Interaction

Works mostly in background

Directly interacts with user

Dependency

Can run independently

Depends on system software

Purpose

Operates the computer

Solves user problems

Examples

Windows, Linux, Drivers

MS Word, Chrome, Photoshop

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Easy Real-Life Example

Imagine a car.

• The engine, brakes, steering, and internal systems are like system software because

they make the car function.

• The music system or GPS navigation is like application software because they help

the user perform specific activities.

Without the engine, the car cannot run. Similarly, without system software, the computer

cannot work.

But the car can still run without music or GPS. In the same way, a computer can work

without application software, though users may not be able to perform useful tasks.

Relationship Between System Software and Application Software

Both types of software work together.

Application software cannot run without system software. The operating system provides

the environment in which applications work.

For example:

• Microsoft Word runs on Microsoft Windows.

• Adobe Photoshop also needs an operating system to function.

Thus, system software acts as a foundation, while application software provides useful

services to users.

Conclusion

System software and application software are both essential parts of a computer system,

but their functions are different.

• System software controls and manages the computer hardware and provides a

platform for other software.

• Application software helps users perform specific tasks such as writing documents,

browsing the internet, editing photos, or watching videos.

In simple words:

• System software makes the computer work.

• Application software helps the user work.

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Both together make computers powerful, useful, and user-friendly. Without system

software, the computer cannot operate, and without application software, users cannot

perform their desired tasks efficiently.

2. Explain different display device technologies. Write their features.

(0% match with prediction papers)

Ans: Overview of major display technologies (how they work and core features)

• CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) — working principle: electron beam excites phosphor

coating to emit light; feature: deep blacks and high color fidelity; limitation: bulky

and power-hungry.

• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) — working principle: liquid crystals modulate light from

a separate backlight; feature: thin panels and low cost; limitation: relies on backlight

so blacks and contrast are limited.

• LED-backlit LCD / Mini-LED — working principle: LED arrays provide backlight with

local dimming; feature: higher brightness and improved contrast over older LCDs;

limitation: backlight bloom and uneven local dimming in cheaper panels.

• QLED (Quantum-dot LED) — working principle: quantum-dot layer converts

backlight to purer colors; feature: very high brightness and wide color gamut;

limitation: still a transmissive system (needs backlight).

• OLED / AMOLED (Organic LED) — working principle: each pixel is an organic emitter

that produces its own light; feature: perfect blacks, infinite contrast, wide viewing

angles; limitation: risk of burn-in and higher cost.

• MicroLED — working principle: microscopic inorganic LEDs act as individual emissive

pixels; feature: OLED-level contrast with higher brightness and longer life; limitation:

manufacturing complexity and current high cost.

• E-ink / Electronic Paper — working principle: electrophoretic microcapsules reflect

ambient light; feature: extremely low power and excellent sunlight readability;

limitation: slow refresh and typically monochrome.

• Plasma — working principle: ionized gas cells emit light; feature: good blacks and

motion handling; limitation: heavy, power-hungry, largely discontinued.

• Projection (DLP, LCoS, Laser) — working principle: image created by modulating

light and projecting onto a screen; feature: very large image sizes; limitation:

requires dark room and periodic lamp/laser maintenance.

Comparison table (concise)

Technology

Working

principle

Key feature

Advantage

Limitation

CRT

Electron beam +

phosphor

Deep blacks

High color fidelity

Bulky, heavy

LCD

Liquid crystals +

backlight

Thin panels

Affordable, bright

Limited

contrast

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LED-LCD /

Mini-LED

LED backlight

with zones

High brightness

Better contrast

than LCD

Backlight

bloom

OLED /

AMOLED

Emissive organic

pixels

Perfect blacks

High contrast, fast

response

Burn-in risk

MicroLED

Inorganic micro

LEDs

High brightness

& life

No burn-in,

durable

Very costly

(Each cell contains one line.)

Practical features to prioritize when choosing a display

• Contrast / black level: OLED/MicroLED best; LED-LCD with Mini-LED second.

• Brightness / outdoor use: LED-backlit LCD / QLED excel.

• Power efficiency: E-ink (for static content) and OLED (for dark UIs) are efficient.

• Durability / lifespan: MicroLED and inorganic LED systems outperform organic

OLEDs.

• Cost and availability: LCD/LED-LCD remain the most affordable and widely available

in Indian markets.

SECTION-B

3. (a) Which are various functions performed by an OS?

(100% match with prediction papers)

Ans: Functions Performed by an Operating System (OS)

An Operating System (OS) is the most important software in a computer. It acts like a bridge

between the user and the computer hardware. Without an operating system, a computer

cannot work properly.

Popular operating systems include:

• Microsoft Windows

• Linux

• macOS

• Android

Think of an operating system as the manager of a company. In a company, the manager

controls workers, resources, time, and communication. In the same way, the operating

system controls all activities inside a computer.

Simple Definition of Operating System

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An Operating System is system software that manages computer hardware and software

resources and provides services to users and programs.

For example:

When you open a browser, play music, print a document, or save a file, the operating

system manages all these tasks in the background.

Diagram of Operating System

USER

│

▼

+------------------+

| Operating System |

+------------------+

│ │ │

▼ ▼ ▼

CPU Memory Devices

(RAM) (Keyboard,

Printer,

Mouse etc.)

The user gives commands to the operating system, and the operating system communicates

with the hardware.

Various Functions Performed by an Operating System

The operating system performs many important functions. These functions help the

computer run smoothly and efficiently.

1. Process Management

A process means a program that is currently running.

For example:

• Playing music

• Using a web browser

• Typing in MS Word

All these are different processes.

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The operating system manages these processes by:

• Starting programs

• Stopping programs

• Scheduling tasks

• Allowing multiple programs to run together

Example

Suppose you are:

• Listening to songs

• Downloading a file

• Writing notes

The operating system handles all these tasks at the same time without confusion.

This is called multitasking.

2. Memory Management

Memory management is another important function of the OS.

The computer has limited memory called RAM (Random Access Memory). The operating

system decides:

• Which program gets memory

• How much memory is needed

• When memory should be released

Example

Imagine RAM as seats in a bus.

If too many passengers enter, the bus becomes crowded. The operating system acts like the

conductor who manages seating arrangements properly.

Without memory management:

• The computer may become slow

• Programs may crash

3. File Management

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The operating system manages all files and folders stored in the computer.

It helps users:

• Create files

• Delete files

• Rename files

• Copy files

• Organize folders

Example

When you save a photo in a folder named “Vacation,” the operating system stores it in the

correct location.

The OS also controls:

• File permissions

• File security

• File searching

4. Device Management

A computer uses many hardware devices such as:

• Keyboard

• Mouse

• Printer

• Scanner

• Speakers

The operating system controls all these devices through special software called drivers.

Example

When you print a document, the OS sends instructions to the printer and manages the

printing process.

Without device management:

• Devices may not work properly

• Hardware conflicts may occur

5. User Interface Management

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The operating system provides a way for users to interact with the computer.

This interaction is called the User Interface (UI).

There are two common types:

(i) Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Uses:

• Windows

• Icons

• Menus

• Buttons

Example:

• Windows operating system

(ii) Command Line Interface (CLI)

Users type commands using the keyboard.

Example:

• DOS

• Linux Terminal

Example

Clicking on icons and opening apps on your desktop is possible because of the operating

system.

6. Security and Protection

The operating system protects the computer from unauthorized access.

It provides:

• Password protection

• User accounts

• Data security

• Virus protection support

Example

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When your computer asks for a password during login, the OS is performing a security

function.

This prevents strangers from accessing your personal files.

7. Scheduling of Tasks

The OS decides:

• Which task should run first

• Which task should wait

• How much CPU time each program gets

This is called CPU scheduling.

Example

Suppose:

• One program is downloading files

• Another is playing videos

The operating system shares CPU time between both programs efficiently.

This helps maintain smooth performance.

8. Error Detection and Handling

The operating system continuously checks the system for errors.

It can detect:

• Hardware failures

• Software crashes

• Memory problems

Example

If an application stops responding, the OS may display:

“Program not responding.”

It may then:

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• Restart the program

• Close the program safely

• Save system data

This improves system stability.

9. Networking Function

Modern operating systems support networking.

They help computers:

• Connect to the internet

• Share files

• Communicate with other devices

Example

When you connect to Wi-Fi, the operating system manages:

• Network settings

• Internet connection

• Data transfer

Without the OS, internet communication would be difficult.

10. Resource Management

Computer resources include:

• CPU

• Memory

• Storage

• Input/Output devices

The operating system manages these resources efficiently so that no single program uses

everything.

Example

If one application uses too much memory, the OS controls it so that other programs can also

work.

This ensures balanced system performance.

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11. Providing Platform for Software

Application software like:

• MS Word

• Chrome Browser

• Games

• Media Players

need an operating system to run.

The OS provides the environment where these applications can function properly.

Example

You cannot run most software directly on hardware. The operating system acts as a base

platform.

Real-Life Analogy of an Operating System

Imagine a large restaurant.

• Customers = Users

• Waiters = Application programs

• Kitchen equipment = Hardware

• Restaurant manager = Operating System

The manager:

• Assigns work

• Handles customers

• Manages resources

• Solves problems

• Maintains order

Similarly, the operating system manages the entire computer system.

Importance of Operating System

Without an operating system:

• The computer cannot function properly

• Users cannot interact with hardware easily

• Programs cannot run smoothly

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• Resources cannot be managed

The OS makes computers:

• Fast

• Organized

• Secure

• User-friendly

Conclusion

The Operating System is the heart of a computer system. It performs many important

functions such as:

• Process management

• Memory management

• File management

• Device management

• Security

• Networking

• Resource allocation

It acts as a bridge between the user and computer hardware and ensures that all tasks are

performed smoothly and efficiently.

(b) Write the booting procedure of DOS.

(60% match with prediction papers)

Ans: The DOS Booting Procedure

When you press the power button on a computer running DOS, you might think the

operating system just "starts up." But in reality, a very specific, step-by-step sequence of

events unfolds — each step depending on the one before it. Understanding this sequence is

not just a textbook requirement; it gives you a deep appreciation for how software and

hardware work together from the very first spark of electricity.

Step 1: Power On and the BIOS Takes Charge

The instant you turn on the computer, electricity flows to the motherboard. The CPU

immediately looks for instructions to execute. But where does it look? It doesn't look at the

hard disk or the floppy disk — it looks at a special chip on the motherboard called the ROM

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(Read-Only Memory), which permanently stores a program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output

System).

The BIOS is the computer's built-in assistant. It was placed there by the computer's

manufacturer and never erases itself even when the power is off. Its very first job when the

computer starts is to run a test.

Step 2: POST — Power-On Self Test

The BIOS runs a diagnostic program called POST (Power-On Self Test). Think of POST as a

health checkup the computer gives itself every single time it starts.

During POST, the BIOS checks:

• Is the RAM working properly?

• Is the keyboard connected and functional?

• Is the video card working so the screen can display things?

• Are there any hardware failures?

If something fails this test, the computer will either display an error message on screen or

emit a series of beep codes — different beep patterns that tell a technician exactly which

hardware component has a problem. If everything passes, POST completes silently and the

system moves on.

Step 3: BIOS Searches for a Bootable Disk

After POST, the BIOS needs to find the operating system. But it doesn't know where the OS

is stored, so it follows a boot sequence — a priority list of devices to check. This list is

configured in the CMOS settings (a small amount of memory powered by a tiny battery on

the motherboard that stores settings even when the computer is off).

A typical boot sequence looks like:

1. Floppy Disk Drive (Drive A:)

2. Hard Disk Drive (Drive C:)

3. CD-ROM (in later systems)

The BIOS checks each device in order. If a floppy disk is in the drive, it checks that first. If the

disk is bootable, great — the process continues. If not, it tries the hard disk next.

Step 4: Loading the Boot Sector

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Once the BIOS finds a bootable disk, it reads the very first sector of that disk — called the

Boot Sector (also known as the Master Boot Record or MBR on hard disks). This sector is

exactly 512 bytes in size and sits at the very beginning of the disk.

The Boot Sector contains a small program — just enough code to tell the computer, "Hey,

here's where the actual operating system files are stored. Go load them."

The BIOS loads this Boot Sector program into RAM at memory address 0000:7C00h and then

hands control of the computer over to it.

Step 5: Loading IO.SYS (or IBMBIO.COM)

Now the Boot Sector program takes over. Its job is to load the first real DOS system file into

memory. This file is called IO.SYS (in MS-DOS) or IBMBIO.COM (in IBM PC-DOS).

This file is a hidden system file stored on the disk. It acts as the bridge between DOS and the

hardware — it contains basic input/output routines that let DOS talk to the keyboard,

screen, disk drives, and other devices.

For IO.SYS to be found by the Boot Sector, it must be stored at specific locations on the disk

— this is why when you format a disk as a "system disk," the formatting program places

these files in particular spots first.

Step 6: Loading MSDOS.SYS (or IBMDOS.COM)

Once IO.SYS is in memory, it then loads the second core DOS file: MSDOS.SYS (or

IBMDOS.COM in IBM PC-DOS).

This file contains the DOS kernel — the heart of the operating system. It handles all the

important behind-the-scenes work: file management, memory management, process

management, and communication between programs and hardware through the IO.SYS

routines.

At this point, DOS is partially alive in memory, but it's not yet fully configured.

Step 7: Processing CONFIG.SYS

With the kernel loaded, DOS looks for a file called CONFIG.SYS in the root directory of the

boot drive. This is a plain text configuration file written by the user or system administrator

that tells DOS how to set itself up.

Inside CONFIG.SYS, you might find instructions like:

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• FILES=30 → How many files can be open at once

• BUFFERS=20 → How much disk caching to use

• DEVICE=HIMEM.SYS → Load a memory manager

• DEVICE=ANSI.SYS → Load support for special screen codes

Each line in CONFIG.SYS is read and executed one by one. DOS loads the specified device

drivers and applies the settings. If CONFIG.SYS does not exist, DOS simply uses default

settings and moves on.

Step 8: Loading COMMAND.COM

After CONFIG.SYS is processed, DOS loads COMMAND.COM — the command interpreter.

This is the program that gives you the famous DOS prompt:

C:\>

COMMAND.COM is what interprets everything you type at the command line. When you

type DIR to list files or COPY to copy a file, it's COMMAND.COM that understands your

commands and carries them out.

COMMAND.COM has two parts: a resident portion that stays permanently in memory, and

a transient portion that can be overwritten by large programs and reloaded from disk when

needed.

Step 9: Processing AUTOEXEC.BAT

The final step of the boot sequence is DOS looking for a file called AUTOEXEC.BAT in the

root directory. This is a batch file — a script containing a list of DOS commands that run

automatically every time the computer starts.

AUTOEXEC.BAT is where you'd find things like:

• Setting the system date and time

• Defining the PATH variable so DOS knows where to find programs

• Loading TSR (Terminate and Stay Resident) programs

• Displaying a welcome message or launching a menu system

Once AUTOEXEC.BAT finishes executing, you're at the familiar DOS prompt, and the

computer is fully booted and ready for use.

Here's the complete flow in a diagram:

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A Summary to Remember

The DOS boot process follows this clean chain of responsibility:

BIOS → POST → Boot Sector → IO.SYS → MSDOS.SYS → CONFIG.SYS → COMMAND.COM

→ AUTOEXEC.BAT → DOS Prompt

Every single step has a specific purpose. If any step fails — say, IO.SYS is missing from the

disk — the system will halt and show an error like "Non-system disk or disk error." This is

why each component is so carefully designed and placed.

What makes this process elegant is how each layer hands off control to the next. The BIOS

doesn't try to do everything — it just finds the Boot Sector and passes control. The Boot

Sector doesn't try to load the whole OS — it just loads IO.SYS. This modular, step-by-step

handoff is a foundational concept in operating system design that continues to influence

how modern computers boot to this day.

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4. Explain copy, del, delete and format commands of DOS.

(100% match with prediction papers)

Ans: DOS Commands: COPY, DEL, DELETE, and FORMAT

DOS (Disk Operating System) is one of the earliest operating systems used to control

computers. Before modern graphical systems like Microsoft Windows became popular,

people used DOS by typing commands using the keyboard. Every task such as creating files,

copying data, deleting files, or formatting disks was done through commands.

Among the many DOS commands, COPY, DEL, DELETE, and FORMAT are very important

because they help users manage files and storage devices. These commands are simple but

very powerful. Let us understand each command in an easy and interesting way.

1. COPY Command

Meaning of COPY Command

The COPY command is used to make a duplicate copy of a file from one location to another.

Suppose you have written an assignment and want another copy saved in a different folder

or pen drive. Instead of writing it again, you simply copy it. The COPY command does exactly

this in DOS.

Syntax of COPY Command

COPY source destination

• Source = file to be copied

• Destination = place where the copied file will go

Example

COPY notes.txt D:

This command copies the file notes.txt from the current folder to the D drive.

Another example:

COPY A:\data.txt C:\documents

This copies the file data.txt from drive A to the Documents folder in drive C.

Simple Real-Life Example

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Imagine you have a notebook and want your friend to have the same notes. You photocopy

the pages and give them to your friend. Your original notebook remains safe.

Similarly:

• Original file remains unchanged

• A new duplicate file is created

Features of COPY Command

• Copies one or more files

• Saves backup copies

• Transfers files between drives

• Helps in data safety

Diagram of COPY Command

Before Copy

[notes.txt] in C Drive

| COPY

After Copy

[notes.txt] in C Drive

[notes.txt] in D Drive

Advantages of COPY Command

1. Easy to use

2. Saves time

3. Helps create backups

4. Prevents data loss

2. DEL Command

Meaning of DEL Command

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The DEL command is used to delete unwanted files from the computer.

Over time, computers collect many unnecessary files. These files occupy storage space. The

DEL command removes them permanently.

Syntax of DEL Command

DEL filename

Example

DEL notes.txt

This command deletes the file named notes.txt.

Another example:

DEL *.tmp

This deletes all temporary files having the extension .tmp.

Real-Life Example

Think of your study table. After exams, you may throw away rough papers that are no

longer useful. DEL command works in the same way for computer files.

Important Point

Once deleted in DOS, files usually cannot be recovered easily. Therefore, users must be

careful before using the DEL command.

Diagram of DEL Command

Before DEL

[notes.txt]

| DEL

After DEL

File Removed

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Uses of DEL Command

• Removes unwanted files

• Frees disk space

• Cleans unnecessary data

• Improves storage management

3. DELETE Command

Meaning of DELETE Command

The DELETE command is also used for removing files. In DOS, DELETE and DEL perform the

same function.

In simple words:

DEL = DELETE

Both commands erase files from the disk.

Syntax of DELETE Command

DELETE filename

Example

DELETE report.txt

This deletes the file named report.txt.

Difference Between DEL and DELETE

There is almost no practical difference between them in DOS. DELETE is simply the full-word

version of DEL.

Command

Meaning

Function

DEL

Short form

Deletes files

DELETE

Full form

Deletes files

Example Using Wildcards

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DELETE *.bak

This command deletes all backup files ending with .bak.

Real-Life Comparison

Imagine two people saying:

• “TV”

• “Television”

Both mean the same thing. Similarly:

• DEL

• DELETE

Both perform the same work.

4. FORMAT Command

Meaning of FORMAT Command

The FORMAT command is used to prepare a disk or storage device for use by the computer.

Formatting removes all existing data and creates a fresh file system so new data can be

stored properly.

Syntax of FORMAT Command

FORMAT drive:

Example

FORMAT D:

This formats the D drive.

What Happens During Formatting?

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When a disk is formatted:

1. All files are erased

2. Disk structure is prepared again

3. New storage space becomes available

4. The drive becomes clean and empty

Real-Life Example

Imagine a classroom blackboard filled with old writing. Before starting a new lesson, the

teacher cleans the board completely.

Formatting works in the same way for storage devices.

Warning About FORMAT Command

Formatting removes all data permanently. Therefore, users must take backups before

formatting.

Diagram of FORMAT Command

Before FORMAT

D Drive

----------------

Photos

Videos

Documents

Games

----------------

| FORMAT

After FORMAT

D Drive

----------------

Empty Disk

----------------

Types of Formatting

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1. Quick Format

• Removes file references only

• Faster process

• Data may sometimes be recoverable

2. Full Format

• Removes all data completely

• Checks disk for errors

• Takes more time

Advantages of FORMAT Command

1. Cleans infected or corrupted disks

2. Makes storage reusable

3. Improves disk organization

4. Removes unwanted data completely

Precautions While Using DOS Commands

These commands are powerful, so users must be careful.

Command

Precaution

COPY

Ensure enough storage space

DEL

Check file name before deleting

DELETE

Avoid deleting important files

FORMAT

Always take backup before formatting

Difference Between COPY, DEL, DELETE, and FORMAT

Command

Purpose

COPY

Creates duplicate files

DEL

Deletes files

DELETE

Deletes files

FORMAT

Erases and prepares disk

Conclusion

COPY, DEL, DELETE, and FORMAT are important DOS commands that help users manage

files and storage devices effectively.

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• The COPY command helps duplicate and transfer files safely.

• The DEL and DELETE commands remove unnecessary files and free storage space.

• The FORMAT command completely cleans a disk and prepares it for fresh use.

Although modern operating systems now provide graphical interfaces, these DOS

commands are still useful for understanding basic computer operations and file

management. Learning them also helps students understand how early computer systems

worked and improves their command-line skills.

SECTION-C

5. Explain the following in MS-Word:

(a) Different types of margins

(b) Use of bookmark

(d) Page break.

(95% match with prediction papers)

Ans: MS-Word Features Explained in Simple Language

Microsoft Word is one of the most commonly used word-processing programs in the world.

Students, teachers, office workers, and businesses use it to create documents like letters,

reports, assignments, resumes, notices, and books. MS-Word provides many tools that help

us arrange and format our documents neatly and professionally.

Some important formatting tools in MS-Word are Margins, Bookmarks, Indents &

Outdents, and Page Breaks. These tools make documents more organized, attractive, and

easy to read. Let us understand each of them in a very simple and interesting way.

(a) Different Types of Margins

What are Margins?

Margins are the empty spaces around the edges of a page. They create space between the

text and the border of the paper.

Imagine writing in a notebook. You usually leave some space at the sides so that the writing

does not touch the edges. That empty space is similar to margins in MS-Word.

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Margins make a document look clean and readable.

Types of Margins in MS-Word

There are mainly four types of margins:

1. Top Margin

2. Bottom Margin

3. Left Margin

4. Right Margin

Diagram of Margins

-----------------------------------------

| Top Margin |

| |

| Left Margin TEXT AREA Right |

| TEXT Margin |

| |

| Bottom Margin |

-----------------------------------------

1. Top Margin

The space between the top edge of the page and the first line of text is called the Top

Margin.

Use:

• Gives space for headings

• Makes the page look neat

• Leaves room for page numbers or titles

2. Bottom Margin

The space between the bottom edge of the page and the last line of text is called the

Bottom Margin.

Use:

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• Prevents text from touching the bottom edge

• Leaves room for footnotes or page numbers

3. Left Margin

The space on the left side of the page is called the Left Margin.

Use:

• Important for binding notebooks or files

• Keeps text aligned properly

4. Right Margin

The space on the right side of the page is called the Right Margin.

Use:

• Improves readability

• Gives balanced appearance to the page

How to Set Margins in MS-Word

1. Open MS-Word

2. Click on the Layout tab

3. Select Margins

4. Choose:

o Normal

o Narrow

o Wide

o Custom Margins

Importance of Margins

• Makes documents look professional

• Improves readability

• Helps in printing

• Provides proper spacing

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(b) Use of Bookmark

What is a Bookmark?

A bookmark in MS-Word is used to mark a specific place or section in a document so that we

can quickly return to it later.

It works just like a bookmark in a book.

For example, if you are reading a long novel, you place a bookmark to remember the page.

Similarly, in MS-Word, bookmarks help us quickly find important parts of a document.

Why are Bookmarks Useful?

Bookmarks are very useful in:

• Long reports

• Projects

• Books

• Research papers

• Legal documents

Instead of scrolling again and again, we can jump directly to the marked section.

Example

Suppose your project has:

• Introduction

• Chapter 1

• Chapter 2

• Conclusion

You can create bookmarks for each chapter and quickly move to any section.

Steps to Create a Bookmark

1. Select the text or place the cursor

2. Click the Insert tab

3. Choose Bookmark

4. Type a bookmark name

5. Click Add

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Steps to Go to a Bookmark

1. Open the Insert tab

2. Click Bookmark

3. Select bookmark name

4. Click Go To

Advantages of Bookmark

• Saves time

• Helps navigation

• Useful in large documents

• Makes editing easier

What are Indents?

Indent means moving text slightly away from the margin.

It helps organize paragraphs and makes documents look neat.

For example, in books, the first line of a paragraph often starts a little inside. That is called

indentation.

Types of Indents

There are several types of indents in MS-Word:

1. Left Indent

2. Right Indent

3. First Line Indent

4. Hanging Indent

Diagram of Indents

Normal Paragraph:

|This is a paragraph starting from margin.

First Line Indent:

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| This paragraph starts slightly inside.

Hanging Indent:

|This line starts normally

| but next lines move inside.

1. Left Indent

Moves the entire paragraph away from the left margin.

Use:

• Creating quotations

• Highlighting text

2. Right Indent

Moves the paragraph away from the right margin.

Use:

• Narrowing paragraph width

• Better formatting

3. First Line Indent

Only the first line of the paragraph moves inside.

Use:

• Common in essays and books

• Makes paragraphs easy to identify

4. Hanging Indent

The first line stays normal, but the remaining lines move inside.

Use:

• Bibliographies

• References

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• Bullet lists

What is Outdent?

Outdent is the opposite of indent.

It moves the text toward the margin or outside the normal indent.

Example of Outdent

Normal Indent

This line is moved back toward the margin.

How to Set Indents in MS-Word

1. Select the paragraph

2. Go to the Layout tab

3. Use the Indent options

Use the ruler at the top of the page.

Importance of Indents & Outdents

• Improves document appearance

• Makes reading easier

• Organizes paragraphs properly

• Gives professional formatting

(d) Page Break

What is a Page Break?

A page break is a feature that ends the current page and starts the text on a new page.

Instead of pressing the Enter key many times, MS-Word provides page breaks to move

content to the next page properly

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Real-Life Example

Suppose you are writing a project report:

• Cover Page

• Index

• Chapter 1

• Chapter 2

You may want every chapter to begin on a new page. A page break helps do this easily.

Diagram of Page Break

Page 1

---------------------

This is Chapter 1.

Text continues here.

====== PAGE BREAK ======

Page 2

---------------------

Chapter 2 starts here.

How to Insert a Page Break

Method 1:

• Press Ctrl + Enter

Method 2:

1. Click the Insert tab

2. Select Page Break

Advantages of Page Break

• Keeps document organized

• Prevents formatting problems

• Starts new sections neatly

• Useful in reports and assignments

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Difference Between Enter Key and Page Break

Enter Key

Page Break

Moves text line by line

Starts a completely new page

Can disturb formatting

Maintains proper formatting

Not professional

Professional method

Conclusion

MS-Word provides many useful tools that make document preparation easier and more

professional. Margins help create proper spacing around the page. Bookmarks allow quick

navigation in large documents. Indents and Outdents improve paragraph formatting and

readability. Page Breaks help organize content by starting text on a new page neatly.

6. What is the use and difference between paragraph and section in a document? How can

you add paragraphs and sections? Also write various paragraph formatting options.

(75% match with prediction papers)

Ans: What is a Paragraph?

In word processing, a paragraph is not just a group of sentences. It is a unit of text that ends

when you press the Enter key. Even a single word, a single line, or a blank line counts as a

paragraph if it ends with a press of Enter.

Each paragraph is an independent block of text that can be individually formatted. You can

give each paragraph its own alignment, spacing, indentation, and line height — all without

affecting any other paragraph in the document.

Think of each paragraph as a self-contained container for text. Whatever formatting rules

you apply stay inside that container.

What is a Section?

A section is a much larger structural division of a document. While a paragraph deals with

the formatting of text, a section controls the layout of entire pages. A document can be

divided into multiple sections, and each section can have completely different page-level

settings such as:

• Page orientation (portrait vs. landscape)

• Number of columns (one column, two columns, three columns)

• Page margins

• Headers and footers

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• Page numbering style

For example, imagine a report where the first few pages are in portrait orientation with one

column, then there's a wide table that needs landscape orientation, and after that, the

document goes back to portrait. Each of those areas would be a different section.

Key Differences Between Paragraph and Section

Feature

Paragraph

Section

Scope

A block of text

A group of pages

Controls

Text formatting

Page layout

Created by

Pressing Enter

Inserting a Section Break

Examples

Indentation, spacing

Margins, orientation, columns

How to Add a Paragraph

Adding a paragraph is the simplest action in any word processor:

Simply press the Enter key at the end of a line. A new paragraph begins immediately. The

cursor moves to the next line, and Word treats everything from the last Enter to the next

Enter as one paragraph.

You can also add a soft return (a line break within the same paragraph) by pressing Shift +

Enter. This moves the text to the next line without creating a new paragraph — so the

spacing and formatting of the current paragraph continues uninterrupted.

How to Add a Section

In Microsoft Word, sections are added through Section Breaks, found under:

Layout tab → Breaks → Section Breaks

There are four types of section breaks:

Next Page — The new section starts at the top of the next page. This is the most commonly

used type, ideal for starting a new chapter or major division.

Continuous — The new section begins immediately on the same page, right after the break

point. Useful for changing the number of columns mid-page.

Even Page — The next section starts on the next even-numbered page (useful in book

publishing).

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Odd Page — The next section starts on the next odd-numbered page (also for books, where

chapters traditionally begin on right-hand pages).

Here is a visual showing how paragraphs and sections relate inside a document:

Paragraph Formatting Options

Paragraph formatting is where you truly control how your text looks on the page. In

Microsoft Word, you can access all these options from the Home tab → Paragraph group, or

by right-clicking and selecting Paragraph.

Here are the major paragraph formatting options explained clearly:

1. Alignment This controls how text lines up horizontally within the margins. There are four

options. Left alignment keeps all text flush with the left margin — this is the standard for

most documents. Right alignment pushes text to the right margin, often used for dates or

addresses. Center alignment places text in the middle of the line, perfect for headings and

titles. Justified alignment stretches each line so both the left and right edges are perfectly

even, giving a neat, book-like appearance.

2. Indentation Indentation moves paragraph text inward from the margins. Left indentation

pushes text away from the left margin. Right indentation pushes it from the right. First line

indent moves only the very first line inward — the traditional way to signal a new

paragraph. Hanging indent does the opposite: the first line stays flush while all other lines

are indented, commonly used in bibliographies and reference lists.

3. Line Spacing Line spacing controls the vertical distance between lines within a paragraph.

Single spacing keeps lines close together. 1.5 lines gives moderate breathing room. Double

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spacing puts a full blank line between each line of text and is required by many academic

institutions. You can also set an exact value in points for precise control.

4. Paragraph Spacing (Space Before and Space After) Instead of pressing Enter multiple

times to create space between paragraphs, you should use the "Space Before" and "Space

After" settings. "Space Before" adds a gap above the paragraph, and "Space After" adds a

gap below it. This is the professional way to separate paragraphs — it gives consistent,

predictable spacing throughout the document.

5. Tab Stops Tab stops define where the cursor jumps when you press the Tab key. By

default, tabs are set every 1.27 cm, but you can customize their position and alignment —

left tab, right tab, center tab, or decimal tab (which aligns numbers at their decimal point,

extremely useful in financial documents).

6. Borders and Shading You can add a border around an entire paragraph — top, bottom,

left, right, or a full box — to make it stand out. Shading fills the background of the paragraph

with a color. These are useful for callout boxes, warnings, or highlighted notes.

7. Keep with Next / Keep Lines Together These are advanced pagination controls. "Keep

Lines Together" prevents a paragraph from being split across two pages. "Keep with Next"

ensures a paragraph always stays on the same page as the paragraph that follows it —

extremely useful for keeping a heading with the content that comes after it.

8. Widow and Orphan Control A widow is when the last line of a paragraph appears alone

at the top of a new page. An orphan is when the first line sits alone at the bottom of a page.

Word's widow and orphan control option automatically prevents these awkward situations

by moving text as needed.

SECTION-D

7. Which are different types of graphs available in MS-Excel? Write the steps to add a

graph in your worksheet.

(100% match with prediction papers)

Ans: Different Types of Graphs Available in MS-Excel and Steps to Add a Graph in a

Worksheet

Microsoft Excel is one of the most popular spreadsheet programs used in schools, offices,

businesses, and homes. It helps us store data, perform calculations, and present information

in an easy-to-understand format. One of the most useful features of MS-Excel is the Graph

or Chart feature.

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A graph helps us understand data quickly through pictures and visual representation.

Instead of reading long rows of numbers, we can look at a graph and immediately

understand trends, comparisons, increases, decreases, and relationships between data.

For example, if a teacher wants to compare the marks of students in different subjects, a

graph can show the comparison clearly. Similarly, a shopkeeper can use graphs to check

monthly sales performance.

What is a Graph in MS-Excel?

A graph (also called a chart) is a visual representation of data. Excel converts numerical data

into colorful diagrams so that information becomes easier to understand.

Graphs help in:

• Comparing data

• Showing growth or decline

• Understanding trends

• Presenting reports attractively

• Making decisions quickly

Different Types of Graphs Available in MS-Excel

MS-Excel provides many types of graphs. Each graph is used for a different purpose. Let us

understand the major types one by one in simple language.

1. Column Graph

A Column Graph uses vertical bars to represent data.

It is mainly used to compare values between different categories.

Example:

Comparing marks of students in different subjects.

Features:

• Bars are vertical

• Easy to compare values

• Most commonly used graph

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Diagram:

Marks

80 | █

70 | █ █

60 | █ █

50 | █ █ █

40 | █ █ █ █

----------------

Eng Sci Math

2. Bar Graph

A Bar Graph is similar to a column graph, but it uses horizontal bars.

Example:

Comparing sales of different products.

Features:

• Bars are horizontal

• Useful when category names are long

Diagram:

Rice █████████

Sugar █████

Tea ████████

Milk ████

3. Line Graph

A Line Graph connects data points with lines.

It is mainly used to show changes over time.

Example:

Monthly temperature or yearly profit.

Features:

• Shows increase or decrease clearly

• Best for continuous data

Diagram:

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* *

-------------

Jan Feb Mar Apr

4. Pie Chart

A Pie Chart is circular and divided into slices.

Each slice shows a percentage or proportion of the total data.

Example:

Showing expenses of a family budget.

Features:

• Represents parts of a whole

• Attractive and easy to understand

Diagram:

______

/ | \

|----|-----|

\___|____/

5. Area Graph

An Area Graph is similar to a line graph, but the area below the line is filled with color.

Example:

Showing population growth.

Features:

• Highlights quantity visually

• Useful for trend analysis

6. Scatter Graph

A Scatter Graph shows points plotted on a chart.

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It is used to show relationships between two sets of values.

Example:

Relationship between study hours and marks.

Features:

• Displays scientific or statistical data

• Helps identify patterns

Diagram:

* *

-------------------

7. Doughnut Chart

A Doughnut Chart looks like a pie chart with a hole in the center.

Example:

Displaying department-wise expenses.

Features:

• Attractive presentation

• Can display multiple data series

8. Radar Chart

A Radar Chart displays data in the form of a spider web.

Example:

Comparing performance of students in many subjects.

Features:

• Shows multiple comparisons

• Useful for analysis reports

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9. Surface Chart

A Surface Chart shows data in 3D form.

Example:

Scientific and engineering calculations.

Features:

• Represents large data sets

• Helps find combinations of values

10. Stock Chart

A Stock Chart is used in financial markets.

Example:

Showing share market prices.

Features:

• Used by investors and companies

• Displays opening and closing prices

Importance of Graphs in MS-Excel

Graphs are very important because they make data easier to understand.

Advantages of Graphs

1. Easy Understanding

Graphs convert difficult numbers into visual pictures.

2. Saves Time

A person can understand information quickly without reading long tables.

3. Better Presentation

Reports and projects look more professional.

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4. Helps in Decision Making

Businesses use graphs to study profits, sales, and performance.

5. Makes Comparison Simple

Graphs clearly show which value is higher or lower.

Steps to Add a Graph in MS-Excel Worksheet

Creating a graph in Excel is very simple. Follow these steps carefully.

Step 1: Enter Data in Worksheet

First, type the data into rows and columns.

Example:

Month

Sales

Jan

100

Feb

150

Mar

200

Apr

180

Step 2: Select the Data

Use the mouse to highlight the data you want to include in the graph.

For example:

Select both Month and Sales columns.

Step 3: Click on the “Insert” Tab

At the top of Excel, click the Insert tab.

This tab contains different chart options.

Step 4: Choose a Graph Type

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In the Charts group, choose the type of graph you want.

For example:

• Column Chart

• Pie Chart

• Line Chart

• Bar Chart

Click on the desired chart.

Step 5: Excel Creates the Graph

After clicking the chart type, Excel automatically creates the graph in the worksheet.

The graph will appear beside the data.

Step 6: Customize the Graph

You can improve the graph by:

• Changing colors

• Adding chart title

• Editing labels

• Changing design

• Adding legends

Step 7: Save the Worksheet

Finally, save your file to keep the graph safely.

Simple Example of Creating a Graph

Suppose a teacher wants to show marks of students.

Data Table:

Student

Marks

Aman

Ravi

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Simran

Neha

Process:

1. Enter data

2. Select table

3. Click Insert

4. Choose Column Chart

5. Graph appears automatically

The graph will clearly show which student scored highest.

Conclusion

Graphs in MS-Excel are powerful tools that help users understand data quickly and easily.

Instead of studying long tables filled with numbers, graphs present information visually in

colorful and attractive forms.

Excel provides many types of graphs such as Column, Bar, Line, Pie, Scatter, Area, Radar, and

Doughnut charts. Each graph has its own special use depending on the type of data.

Creating a graph in Excel is also very easy. A user only needs to enter data, select it, choose

a chart type from the Insert tab, and Excel automatically creates the graph.

8.Which are different views of slides in MS-PowerPoint?

Write the use of each.

(100% match with prediction papers)

Ans: 󺃱󺃲󺃳󺃴󺃵 What is a "View" in PowerPoint?

When you open PowerPoint, you're not stuck seeing your slides in just one way. You can

switch between different views — each designed for a specific purpose. Some views help

you create, some help you organize, some help you present, and some help you check your

work before going live.

PowerPoint mainly has 5 major views (with a couple of bonus ones). Let's explore each one

clearly.

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1. 󹴞󹴟󹴠󹴡󹶮󹶯󹶰󹶱󹶲 Normal View — Your Main Workspace

This is the default view you see when you open PowerPoint. It's divided into three areas:

• A slide panel on the left (thumbnails of all slides)

• A big editing area in the center (the current slide, fully editable)

• A notes panel at the bottom (where you can type speaker notes)

Use: This is where you spend 90% of your time. You add text, insert images, change colors,

add shapes, and design your slides here. Think of it as your artist's studio.

2. 󹵑󹵒󹵓󹵔󹵕󹵘󹵖󹵗 Outline View — Think Before You Design

In this view, PowerPoint hides all the visuals and shows you only the text of your slides in a

clean outline format. You can type headings and bullet points just like writing in a notebook.

Use: It's perfect when you're planning your presentation and want to figure out the flow of

ideas before worrying about design. Writers and students love this view for brainstorming.

3. 󺄎󺄏󺄐󺄑󺄒󺄓 Slide Sorter View — See the Big Picture

This view shows all your slides as small thumbnails arranged in a grid — like photos spread

out on a table. You can see your entire presentation at once.

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Use: It's ideal for rearranging slides — you can click and drag slides to change their order.

You can also quickly delete or duplicate slides. If your presentation has 20+ slides, this view

is a lifesaver for organizing them.

4. 󺄫󺄬󺄭󺄮󺄯󺄰󺄱󺄲󺄳 Notes Page View — The Speaker's Cheat Sheet

This view shows a miniature version of each slide at the top, with a large white box below it

where you can type detailed notes. These notes are not visible to the audience during the

presentation.

Use: This is used by presenters to write down what they plan to say for each slide — like a

script or reminder. You can also print these notes pages and carry them as a reference while

presenting.

5. 󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘 Reading View — A Quick Preview

This view plays your presentation inside the PowerPoint window itself, without going

fullscreen. Animations and transitions still play, just in a window-sized preview.

Use: Use this when you want to quickly check how your presentation looks and feels,

without switching to full-screen mode. It's great when you're working on a laptop and don't

want to leave your workspace.

󷘜󷘝󷘞󷘟󷘠󷘡󷘢󷘣󷘤󷘥󷘦 Bonus: Slide Show View — Showtime!

This is the view that takes over your entire screen and shows the presentation to your

audience. Animations play, transitions happen, and the audience sees nothing but your

slides.

Use: Used during the actual presentation — in a classroom, meeting, or event. Press F5 to

start from the beginning or Shift + F5 to start from the current slide.

“This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any mistakes or

have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.”